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The economics of species extinction: An economist’s viewpoint
- Iain M. Fraser, David L. Roberts, Michael Brock
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- Journal:
- Cambridge Prisms: Extinction / Volume 1 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 August 2023, e20
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There is growing evidence to suggest that there is an increase in species extinction occurring globally. In this article, we briefly review the literature on the economics of species extinction, examining what is meant by extinction before explaining how economics has conceptualised this. The initial economics literature on species extinction focuses largely on renewable resources, in particular fisheries, but has subsequently evolved to cover many aspects of biodiversity across all physical scales, employing an increasing array of methodological tools. We also consider aspects of cultural and societal extinctions (e.g. local languages, local knowledge) and how this is positively correlated with loss of biodiversity, as well as an economist’s outlook on the potential to re-capture value post-extinction.
Prenatal negative affectivity and trauma-related distress predict mindful parenting during toddler age: Examining parent–infant bonding as a mechanism
- Lauren M. Laifer, David DiLillo, Rebecca L. Brock
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 35 / Issue 3 / August 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 October 2021, pp. 1036-1050
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Despite findings demonstrating the importance of parental present-centered awareness, factors undermining mindful parenting have received less attention. Increasingly, evidence points to parental psychopathology as a salient risk factor for parenting difficulties. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate specific dimensions of parental trauma-related distress and general negative affectivity during pregnancy as predictors of mindful parenting during toddler age. Parental psychopathology, parent–infant bonding, and mindful parenting were assessed in a sample of heterosexual couples (N = 159) across four waves of data collection spanning pregnancy to child age two. Data were analyzed using path analysis within a dyadic framework. Results demonstrated the unique impact of maternal trauma-related distress during pregnancy (e.g., intrusions and avoidance) on facets of mindful parenting more than two years later. Further, among both mothers and fathers, general negative affectivity common across internalizing disorders undermined mindful parenting through impaired parent–infant bonding. Findings highlight the need for early intervention efforts that incorporate mindfulness strategies to reduce subthreshold symptoms of prenatal psychopathology, promote healthy bonding, and improve parental awareness and self-regulation, thereby enhancing the overall parent–child relationship.
Tail lesions in fattening pigs: relationships with postmortem meat inspection and influence of a tail biting management tool
- A. L. vom Brocke, C. Karnholz, D. Madey-Rindermann, M. Gauly, C. Leeb, C. Winckler, L. Schrader, S. Dippel
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Tail biting is a major welfare and economic problem in intensive pig production. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine tail lesion prevalence at a German abattoir, (2) test for associations between meat inspection findings and tail lesions, (3) assess the agreement between tail necrosis recorded during meat inspection and scored from pictures and (4) test whether the tail biting management tool ‘Schwanzbeiß-Interventions-Programm’ (SchwIP) had an effect on tail lesion prevalence. A total of three observers scored tail lesions from pictures of 43 328 pigs from 32 farms where SchwIP had been applied, and of 36 626 pigs from 32 control farms. Tail lesions were classified as score 0: no visible lesion, score 1: mild lesion, score 2: severe lesion and score 3: necrosis. In addition, complete loss of tail (CL) was recorded. Tail necrosis was the only tail-related carcase finding recorded by meat inspectors. (1) Tail lesion prevalences in pigs from control farms were 23.6% for score 1, 1.02% for score 2, 0.55% for score 3 and 0.41% for CL. The combined prevalence of any lesion and/or CL was 25.4%. (2) Pleurisy, lung findings, signs of inflammation in the legs, arthritis and abscesses were the most frequent meat inspection findings (prevalences of 8.46%, 8.09%, 2.99%, 0.83% and 0.23%, respectively; n=79 954 pigs). Leg inflammation, arthritis and abscesses were more prevalent in pigs with tail lesions of any degree compared with pigs without tail lesions (3.39% v. 2.83%, 1.06% v. 0.75% and 0.39% v. 0.17%, respectively; all P<0.001, n=79 954 pigs). Pigs with severe tail lesions also had more lung findings (2.00% v. 0.17%, P<0.001). (3) Tail necrosis scored during meat inspection resulted in lower prevalence than scored from pictures (0.22% v. 0.69%; n=79 954 SchwIP and control farm pigs). (4) Although tail lesion prevalence was significantly higher in pigs from SchwIP than in pigs from control farms during the first 3 months (32.2% v. 23.8%, P=0.015), it was not significantly higher during the remainder of the year (22.6 v. 26.9, 24.4 v. 21.4 and 24.0 v. 28.0, second, third and fourth quarters, respectively). In conclusion, meat inspection results in much lower tail lesion prevalences than tail lesion assessment from pictures, even if only the category ‘necrosis’ is compared. Advising farms on tail biting using the management tool SchwIP helped to decrease the prevalence of tail lesions on problem farms.
Plasmodium knowlesi invasion following spread by infected mosquitoes, macaques and humans
- LAITH YAKOB, ALUN L. LLOYD, ROWLAND R. KAO, HEATHER M. FERGUSON, PATRICK M. BROCK, CHRIS DRAKELEY, MICHAEL B. BONSALL
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 145 / Issue 1 / January 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2017, pp. 101-110
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Plasmodium knowlesi is increasingly recognized as a major cause of malaria in Southeast Asia. Anopheles leucosphyrous group mosquitoes transmit the parasite and natural hosts include long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques. Despite early laboratory experiments demonstrating successful passage of infection between humans, the true role that humans play in P. knowlesi epidemiology remains unclear. The threat posed by its introduction into immunologically naïve populations is unknown despite being a public health priority for this region. A two-host species mathematical model was constructed to analyse this threat. Global sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo methods highlighted the biological processes of greatest influence to transmission. These included parameters known to be influential in classic mosquito-borne disease models (e.g. vector longevity); however, interesting ecological components that are specific to this system were also highlighted: while local vectors likely have intrinsic preferences for certain host species, how plastic these preferences are, and how this is shaped by local conditions, are key determinants of parasite transmission potential. Invasion analysis demonstrates that this behavioural plasticity can qualitatively impact the probability of an epidemic sparked by imported infection. Identifying key vector sub/species and studying their biting behaviours constitute important next steps before models can better assist in strategizing disease control.
The impact of education, country, race and ethnicity on the self-report of postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
- A. Di Florio, K. Putnam, M. Altemus, G. Apter, V. Bergink, J. Bilszta, R. Brock, A. Buist, K. M. Deligiannidis, E. Devouche, C. N. Epperson, C. Guille, D. Kim, P. Lichtenstein, P. K. E. Magnusson, P. Martinez, T. Munk-Olsen, J. Newport, J. Payne, B. W. Penninx, M. O'Hara, E. Robertson-Blackmore, S. J. Roza, K. M. Sharkey, S. Stuart, H. Tiemeier, A. Viktorin, P. J. Schmidt, P. F. Sullivan, Z. N. Stowe, K. L. Wisner, I. Jones, D. R. Rubinow, S. Meltzer-Brody
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 47 / Issue 5 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 November 2016, pp. 787-799
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Background
Universal screening for postpartum depression is recommended in many countries. Knowledge of whether the disclosure of depressive symptoms in the postpartum period differs across cultures could improve detection and provide new insights into the pathogenesis. Moreover, it is a necessary step to evaluate the universal use of screening instruments in research and clinical practice. In the current study we sought to assess whether the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the most widely used screening tool for postpartum depression, measures the same underlying construct across cultural groups in a large international dataset.
MethodOrdinal regression and measurement invariance were used to explore the association between culture, operationalized as education, ethnicity/race and continent, and endorsement of depressive symptoms using the EPDS on 8209 new mothers from Europe and the USA.
ResultsEducation, but not ethnicity/race, influenced the reporting of postpartum depression [difference between robust comparative fit indexes (∆*CFI) < 0.01]. The structure of EPDS responses significantly differed between Europe and the USA (∆*CFI > 0.01), but not between European countries (∆*CFI < 0.01).
ConclusionsInvestigators and clinicians should be aware of the potential differences in expression of phenotype of postpartum depression that women of different educational backgrounds may manifest. The increasing cultural heterogeneity of societies together with the tendency towards globalization requires a culturally sensitive approach to patients, research and policies, that takes into account, beyond rhetoric, the context of a person's experiences and the context in which the research is conducted.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Contributors
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- By Tod C. Aeby, Melanie D. Altizer, Ronan A. Bakker, Meghann E. Batten, Anita K. Blanchard, Brian Bond, Megan A. Brady, Saweda A. Bright, Ellen L. Brock, Amy Brown, Ashley Carroll, Jori S. Carter, Frances Casey, Weldon Chafe, David Chelmow, Jessica M. Ciaburri, Stephen A. Cohen, Adrianne M. Colton, PonJola Coney, Jennifer A. Cross, Julie Zemaitis DeCesare, Layson L. Denney, Megan L. Evans, Nicole S. Fanning, Tanaz R. Ferzandi, Katie P. Friday, Nancy D. Gaba, Rajiv B. Gala, Andrew Galffy, Adrienne L. Gentry, Edward J. Gill, Philippe Girerd, Meredith Gray, Amy Hempel, Audra Jolyn Hill, Chris J. Hong, Kathryn A. Houston, Patricia S. Huguelet, Warner K. Huh, Jordan Hylton, Christine R. Isaacs, Alison F. Jacoby, Isaiah M. Johnson, Nicole W. Karjane, Emily E. Landers, Susan M. Lanni, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Lee A. Learman, Nikola Alexander Letham, Rachel K. Love, Richard Scott Lucidi, Elisabeth McGaw, Kimberly Woods McMorrow, Christopher A. Manipula, Kirk J. Matthews, Michelle Meglin, Megan Metcalf, Sarah H. Milton, Gaby Moawad, Christopher Morosky, Lindsay H. Morrell, Elizabeth L. Munter, Erin L. Murata, Amanda B. Murchison, Nguyet A. Nguyen, Nan G. O’Connell, Tony Ogburn, K. Nathan Parthasarathy, Thomas C. Peng, Ashley Peterson, Sarah Peterson, John G. Pierce, Amber Price, Heidi J. Purcell, Ronald M. Ramus, Nicole Calloway Rankins, Fidelma B. Rigby, Amanda H. Ritter, Barbara L. Robinson, Danielle Roncari, Lisa Rubinsak, Jennifer Salcedo, Mary T. Sale, Peter F. Schnatz, John W. Seeds, Kathryn Shaia, Karen Shelton, Megan M. Shine, Haller J. Smith, Roger P. Smith, Nancy A. Sokkary, Reni A. Soon, Aparna Sridhar, Lilja Stefansson, Laurie S. Swaim, Chemen M. Tate, Hong-Thao Thieu, Meredith S. Thomas, L. Chesney Thompson, Tiffany Tonismae, Angela M. Tran, Breanna Walker, Alan G. Waxman, C. Nathan Webb, Valerie L. Williams, Sarah B. Wilson, Elizabeth M. Yoselevsky, Amy E. Young
- Edited by David Chelmow, Virginia Commonwealth University, Christine R. Isaacs, Virginia Commonwealth University, Ashley Carroll, Virginia Commonwealth University
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- Acute Care and Emergency Gynecology
- Published online:
- 05 November 2014
- Print publication:
- 30 October 2014, pp ix-xiv
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Second Radiocarbon Intercomparison Program for the Chauvetpont d'Arc Cave, Ardèche, France
- A Quiles, H Valladas, J-M Geneste, J Clottes, D Baffler, B Berthier, F Brock, C Bronk Ramsey, E Delqué-Količ, J-P Dumoulin, I Hajdas, K Hippe, G W L Hodgins, A Hogg, A J T Jull, E Kaltnecker, M De Martino, C Oberlin, F Petchey, P Steier, H-A Synal, J van der Plicht, E M Wild, A Zazzo
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- Journal:
- Radiocarbon / Volume 56 / Issue 2 / 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 February 2016, pp. 833-850
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- 2014
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The Chauvet-Pont d'Arc Cave is one of the most important sites for the study of the earliest manifestations and development of prehistoric art at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic. Different dating techniques have been performed thus far (AMS 14C, U/Th TIMS, 36Cl dating) to model the chronological framework of this decorated cave. The cave yielded several large charcoal fragments, which enabled the opportunity for obtaining multiple dates; thus, a First Radiocarbon Intercomparison Program (FIP) was initiated in 2004 using three charcoal pieces. The FIP demonstrated that those cross-dated samples belonged to a time period associated with the first human occupation. One of the statistical interests of an intercomparison program is to reduce the uncertainty on the sample age; thus, to further assess the accuracy of the chronological framework, the Second Intercomparison Program (SIP) involving 10 international 14C laboratories was carried out on two pieces of charcoal found inside two hearth structures of the Galerie des Mégacéros. Each laboratory used its own pretreatment and AMS facilities. In total, 21 and 22 measurements were performed, respectively, which yielded consistent results averaging ∼32 ka BP. Two strategies have currently been developed to identify statistical outliers and to deal with them; both lead to quasi-identical calibrated combined densities. Finally, the new results were compared with those of the FIP, leading to the important conclusion that five different samples from at least three different hearth structures give really tightened temporal densities, associated with one short human occupation in the Galerie des Mégacéros.
Hydropyrolysis: Implications for Radiocarbon Pretreatment and Characterization of Black Carbon
- P L Ascough, M I Bird, W Meredith, R E Wood, C E Snape, F Brock, T F G Higham, D J Large, D C Apperley
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- Journal:
- Radiocarbon / Volume 52 / Issue 3 / 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 July 2016, pp. 1336-1350
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- 2010
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Charcoal is the result of natural and anthropogenic burning events, when biomass is exposed to elevated temperatures under conditions of restricted oxygen. This process produces a range of materials, collectively known as pyrogenic carbon, the most inert fraction of which is known as black carbon (BC). BC degrades extremely slowly and is resistant to diagenetic alteration involving the addition of exogenous carbon, making it a useful target substance for radiocarbon dating particularly of more ancient samples, where contamination issues are critical. We present results of tests using a new method for the quantification and isolation of BC, known as hydropyrolysis (hypy). Results show controlled reductive removal of non-BC organic components in charcoal samples, including lignocellulosic and humic material. The process is reproducible and rapid, making hypy a promising new approach not only for isolation of purified BC for 14C measurement but also in quantification of different labile and resistant sample C fractions.
Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus outbreak in a school in London, April–May 2009: an observational study
- L. CALATAYUD, S. KURKELA, P. E. NEAVE, A. BROCK, S. PERKINS, M. ZUCKERMAN, M. SUDHANVA, A. BERMINGHAM, J. ELLIS, R. PEBODY, M. CATCHPOLE, R. HEATHCOCK, H. MAGUIRE
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 138 / Issue 2 / February 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 November 2009, pp. 183-191
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On 29 April 2009, an imported case of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection was detected in a London school. As further cases, pupils and staff members were identified, school closure and mass prophylaxis were implemented. An observational descriptive study was conducted to provide an insight into the clinical presentation and transmission dynamics in this setting. Between 15 April and 15 May 2009, 91 symptomatic cases were identified: 33 were confirmed positive for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection; 57 were tested negative; in one the results were unavailable. Transmission occurred first within the school, and subsequently outside. Attack rates were 2% in pupils (15% in the 11–12 years age group) and 17% in household contacts. The predominant symptoms were fever (97%), respiratory symptoms (91%), and sore throat (79%). Limited spread in the school may have been due to a combination of school closure and mass prophylaxis. However, transmission continued through household contacts to other schools.
Frequency distribution of shoot weight of plants in populations of Trifolium repens persisting by clonal growth in grazed pastures
- M. J. M. Hay, V. J. Thomas, J. L. Brock
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 115 / Issue 1 / August 1990
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 41-47
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Over two years (1984/85 and 1986/87), monthly sampling of shoots of white clover plants compared the populations of white clover in mixed swards at Palmerston North, New Zealand, under set stocking, rotational grazing and a combination of both systems, at a common stocking rate of 22·5 ewe equivalents/ha.
The frequency distributions of shoot (or stolon) dry weight per plant in each population over the study period was described by a log-normal model, which indicated that the populations consisted of many small individuals and few large individuals. Such inequality of shoot dry weight within populations is commonly termed size hierarchy; a statistic giving a measure of such size hierarchy is the Gini coefficient. The populations under different managements had similar Gini coefficients which differed little among seasons or between years. Lack of significant correlation between the Gini coefficient and mean shoot dry weight per plant of each population indicated that, in these white clover populations, size hierarchy was independent of mean plant size.
These results were considered in relation to the clonal growth of white clover in grazed swards and it is suggested that the variable nature of death of older basal stolons makes an important contribution to the variability in size of individual plants and hence to size hierarchy. As size hierarchy, as assessed by Gini coefficients, was relatively stable in these populations over 3½ years, it appears that clonal growth of white clover incorporates sufficient variability within the growth and death processes at the individual plant level to maintain the size hierarchy, irrespective of variations in mean plant size of populations.
Morphology of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) plants in pastures under intensive sheep grazing
- J. L. Brock, M. J. M. Hay, V. J. Thomas, J. R. Sedcole
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 111 / Issue 2 / October 1988
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 273-283
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There has been little study on the growth and morphology of individual plants constituting the population of white clover in mixed swards under grazing. Such information is required if the mechanisms governing plant productivity and persistence are to be understood.
Intact white clover plants were sampled from intensively sheep-grazed pastures under set stocking, rotational grazing, and a combination of both systems, by taking turves (250 × 250 mm), and washing out the plants, every month for a year. Characters measured for every stolon of each plant were: presence of a growing point; numbers of leaves, roots and axillary buds; stolon length. Total plant leaf and stolon dry weight were also recorded. Plants were classified according to degree of branching, and the contribution of each branching order to the population determined.
There were strong seasonal variations in plant size (leaf and stolon dry weight, stolon length, and numbers of stolons and leaves per plant) which showed a significant decrease in spring with recovery over the following summer. This was paralleled by a rapid increase in the proportion of less branched plants (1st and 2nd branching order) in the population from 60 to 80% in spring, as higher-order plants broke up into smaller- and lower-ordered plants at this time. Numbers of roots per plant increased over winter to peak in early spring then declined in the following summer-autumn. While system of grazing management had no significant effect on branching structure of plants, it had a large effect on plant dry weight; rotationally grazed plants were 2·5 times larger than set stocked plants (0·182 cf. 0·073 g respectively).
Other general features of plant morphology were that each successive order of branch stolons was shorter and length before branching was less than that of their preceding parent stolon. The highest branching order observed was 6th order. There was no relationship between branching and numbers of roots; in branched plants only 55% of stolons were rooted regardless of plant order, but rooted stolons accounted for 85% of total stolon length and carried 62, 48 and 90% of the leaves, growing points and axillary buds per plant, respectively.
Comparison with other studies suggests that the processes outlined in this report may be common to white clover growth under grazing over a wide range of favourable environments.
Density of Trifolium repens plants in mixed swards under intensive grazing by sheep
- M. J. M. Hay, J. L. Brock, V. J. Thomas
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 113 / Issue 1 / August 1989
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 81-86
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Densities of physiologically independent plants of white clover were studied in New Zealand in pastures stocked at 22·5 ewes plus lambs/ha by set stocking, rotational grazing or a combination of both systems. Plants were sampled once a month for 1 year (1984/85) by taking turves and washing out the plants. Numbers of growing points and stolon dry weight per plant were obtained. At each sampling fifty, 50 mm diameter pasture plugs were taken from each sward and growing point density and stolon mass/m2 of white clover were measured. The density of white clover plants in the swards was estimated on the basis of both stolon dry weight and number of growing points.
The two estimates gave similar results. There was a trend of lowest densities in set-stocked pastures (334/m2), intermediate densities in combination management pastures (431/m2) and highest densities in the rotationally grazed pastures (553/m2). The overall mean density of white clover plants was 439/m2 and the range was 193–811/m2.
The structure of swards under the three systems of grazing differed and this was considered to contribute towards the variation in density of white clover plants in the various swards.
Analytic results for roots of two irrational functions in elastic wave propagation
- L. M. Brock
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- Journal:
- Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics / Volume 40 / Issue 1 / July 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 February 2009, pp. 72-79
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The velocities of Rayleigh surface waves and, when they exist, Stoneley interface waves can be obtained as the roots of two irrational functions. Here previous results are extended by using standard operations related to the Wiener-Hopf technique to provide expressions in quadrature for these roots.
10 - Communicating and Collaborating with Robotic Agents
- Edited by Ron Sun, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York
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- Book:
- Cognition and Multi-Agent Interaction
- Published online:
- 15 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 05 December 2005, pp 252-278
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
For the last few years, the Naval Research laboratory has been attempting to build robots that are similar to humans in a variety of ways. The goal has been to build systems that think and act like a person rather than look like a person, because the state of the art is not sufficient for a robot to look (even superficially) like a human person. There are at least two reasons to build robots that think and act like a human. First, how an artificial system acts has a profound effect on how people act towards the system. Second, how an artificial system thinks has a profound effect on how people interact with the system.
HOW PEOPLE ACT TOWARDS ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS
“Everyone” knows that computers have no feelings, attitudes, or desires. Most people do not worry about hurting a toaster's feelings or cursing at a VCR. However, in a surprising series of studies, Cliff Nass has shown that people in some situations do, in fact, treat computer systems as social entities. Nass has shown that it takes very little “social-ness” for a person to treat computers (including robots, AI programs, etc.) as social creatures. For example, Nass and Moon (2000) examined people's application of social categories to computers. Nass and Moon (2000) compared users' interactions with two computer systems – a tutor and an evaluator – using different combinations of male and female voices. Even though the participants indicated that they knew they were interacting with a computer, and explicitly reported that the voice did not relate to the “gender” of the computer, or even the computer programmer, there were distinct genderrelated biases in the experiment data.
3 - Patterns
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- By G. E. Koppenwallner, D. Etling, C.-W. Leong, J. M. Ottino, E. Villermaux, J. Duplat, P. D. Weidman, V. O. Afenchenko, A. B. Ezersky, S. V. Kiyashko, M. I. Rabinovich, E. Bodenschatz, S. W. Morris, J. R. De bruyn, D. S. Cannell, G. Ahlers, C. F. Chen, F. Zoueshtiagh, P. J. Thomas, G. Gauthier, P. Gondret, F. Moisy, M. Rabaud, M. Fermigier, P. Jenffer, E. Tan, S. T. Thoroddsen, B. Vukasinovic, A. Glezer, M. K. Smith, N. J. Zabusky, W. Townsend, R. A. Hess, N. J. Brock, B. J. Weber, L. W. Carr, M. S. Chandrasekhara
- M. Samimy, Ohio State University, K. S. Breuer, Brown University, Rhode Island, L. G. Leal, University of California, Santa Barbara, P. H. Steen, Cornell University, New York
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- Book:
- A Gallery of Fluid Motion
- Published online:
- 25 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 12 January 2004, pp 28-41
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Summary
Vortex flows paint themselves
The artistlike pictures of vortex flows presented here have been produced by the flow itself. The method of this “natural” flow visualization can be described briefly as follows: The working fluid is water mixed with some paste in order to increase the viscosity. Vortex flows are produced by pulling a stick or similar devices through the fluid or by injecting fluid through a nozzle into the working tank.
The flow visualization is performed in the following way: the surface of the fluid at rest is sparkled with oil paint of different colors diluted with some evaporating chemical. After the vortex structures have formed due to wakes or jets, a sheet of white paper is placed on the surface of the working fluid, where the oil color is attached to the paper immediately. The final results are artistlike paintings of vortex flows which exhibit a rich variety of flow structures.
Mixing in regular and chaotic flows
These photographs show the time evolution of two passive tracers in a low Reynolds number two-dimensional timeperiodic flow. The initial condition corresponds to two blobs of dye, green and orange, located below the free surface of a cavity filled with glycerine. The flow is induced by moving the top and bottom walls of the cavity while the other two walls are fixed. In this experiment the top wall moves from left to right and the bottom wall moves from right to left; both velocities are of the form Usin2(2πt/T), with the same U and the same period T, but with a phase shift of 90°.
16 - Applications of advanced technologies in studying and managing grassland landscape integrity
- Edited by Jianguo Liu, Michigan State University, William W. Taylor, Michigan State University
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- Book:
- Integrating Landscape Ecology into Natural Resource Management
- Published online:
- 14 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 01 August 2002, pp 390-411
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Summary
Introduction
Grasslands occupy large fractions of every continent except Antarctica (Knapp et al., 1998). In the United States, the Great Plains are generally divided into three regions: short-grass steppe in the west, mixed-grass in the center, and tallgrass prairie to the east (Reichman, 1987). The tallgrass prairie once stretched from central Canada to the Texas Gulf Coast and from eastern Kansas into Indiana. While large tracts of short- and mixed-grass grasslands still exist throughout the western Great Plains, it is estimated that 95.9% of the tallgrass prairie has been lost to agriculture. Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, North Dakota, and Wisconsin have lost 99.9% of their original tallgrass prairie (Samson and Knopf, 1994). The only extensive tract of tallgrass prairie that remains is the Flint Hills region of eastern Kansas, on the western, drier edge of the tallgrass prairie (Knapp et al., 1998) (Fig. 16.1).
Today, the tallgrass prairie is highly fragmented. Outside of the Flint Hills region, most prairies are remnants, often found in old cemeteries or railroad rights-of-way (Betz and Lamp, 1988). These prairies are often smaller than a hectare and usually isolated by tens of kilometers from the nearest remnant. The regional landscape of the tallgrass prairie region today is dominated by row-crop agriculture.
Grasslands provide multiple challenges to natural resource managers. Grasslands are often a complex mosaic of private, state, and federal land ownership. Land cover can consist of native or introduced (brome and fescue) species, small forests or woodlots, and agricultural crops. Land use can consist of grazing by livestock, row-cropping, and more recently residential development.
Morphology of white clover during development from seed to clonal populations in grazed pastures
- J. L. BROCK, K. A. ALBRECHT, J. C. TILBROOK, M. J. M. HAY
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 135 / Issue 2 / September 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 November 2000, pp. 103-111
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Following germination, the ontogeny of white clover is characterized by two distinct morphological growth phases, a seminal taprooted stage followed by a clonal growth stage. Death of the seminal taproot and primary stolon initiates a process of fragmentation of the taprooted plant into a variable number of independent clonal fragments (plants) which comprise the initial population of the clonal growth stage. The objective of this study was to characterize the plant morphology of field-sown white clover populations from germination through to established clonal populations. Populations of eight white clover cultivars were assessed when sown with perennial ryegrass or tall fescue in pastures established under a common grazing regime for 16 months prior to imposition of continuous or rotational grazing treatments. One year from sowing, taprooted plants attained maximum size, with a mean plant branching order of 3·35, stolon DW of 460 mg and lateral spread of 250 mm, with some individuals having 6th order branching, 3·5 g stolon DW and 1m lateral spread. These taprooted plants were 4–5 times the size of plants in the subsequently formed clonal population. Nine months after sowing, the first individual taprooted plants fragmented into clonal plants. Twelve months from sowing, fragmentation processes were occurring at a linear rate, eliminating 6% of the original taprooted population each month. This resulted in a 12–15 month transition period when the white clover population comprised both taprooted and clonal plants. During this transition period, the initial clonal fragments produced from taprooted plants were large, and this maintained a larger mean plant size in the clonal plant proportion of the transition population than measured in the later fully clonal population. This process was also considered to act to prevent the development of the expected differences between grazing managements, as it was not until the third year when all taprooted plants had disappeared that the clonal populations developed characteristics reflecting the expected influence of grazing management. Variation due to white clover cultivar and companion grasses was minor. The substantial differences in plant size and branching structure between taprooted and clonal populations has significant implications for the evaluation of breeding lines.
Time-Resolved X-Ray Scattering Study of Co Surface Evolution during Low-Energy Ion Irradiation
- O. Malis, J. M. Pomeroy, R. L. Headrick, J. D. Brock
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 647 / 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 March 2011, O9.5
- Print publication:
- 2000
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The sputter-erosion of hcp Co (0001) single crystal with Ar+ ions in the 100 to 700 eV energy range was investigated using in-situ time-resolved x-ray scattering. At temperatures above 300°C the surface remains relatively smooth, erosion evolving through a layer-by-layer or step flow mechanism. In this regime the ions have a smoothening effect on the surface and the resulting roughness decreases with increasing ion energy. Below 300°C the surface develops a pattern of mounds or pits with a characteristic wavelength. The time, ion energy and temperature dependence of this wavelength were studied in detail. Epitaxial Co thin films thermally evaporated on sapphire were also sputtered through in order to synthesize self-assembled arrays of Co nanoclusters with a narrow size distribution. The degree of local order within the Co dot arrays was examined using atomic force microscopy.